and use. Ethical issues relating to Transgenic animals. information are necessary to be able to identify with certainty the genetic We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Scribd will begin operating the SlideShare business on December 1, 2020 To make both scientific and animal welfare decisions at each stage, it is necessary to have a thorough knowledge of the animal model—in this case, phenotypic expression of the GM animal. Donnelly, S., McCarthy, C.R. Clearly the ethical issues and animal welfare concerns that must be considered whenever animals are used in research must also be considered in the use of genetically modified (GM1,2) animals. Transgenic animals raise several particular moral issues (quite apart from any damage they might do to the environment), They say that this shows that there is nothing fixed about the structure of creation, Showed that trangenesis is itself not objectionable, nut it uses could be…, 1. Brown, Kathleen A. Murray, Phenotyping of Genetically Engineered Mice: Humane, Ethical, Environmental, and Husbandry Issues, ILAR Journal, Volume 47, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 118–123, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.47.2.118. Veterinary and animal care staff should be alerted to these abnormalities and should adjust plans accordingly. more challenging questions is how to account for the interests of the animals Homozygous animals as well as any heterozygous and wild-type littermates can then be used on study. Chapter 16 - Environmental Issues. Use of score sheets for welfare assessment of transgenic mice. consideration of the ethical cost of the experiment in terms of the potential Based on analysis of the findings, modifications to the breeding strategy, a monitoring program, and attention to special needs requirements may be instituted as needed. rapidly and has given rise to public concerns about the ethics of transgenic 2000; Polites and Pinkert 2002). reasons, the guidelines require a transgenic information sheet to be completed The growing use of genetically engineered (GE) mice in scientific research has raised many concerns about the animal welfare of such mice. Brown, D.V.M., M.S., DACLAM, DECLAM, is Executive Director of Animal Welfare and Training and President of Charles River Laboratories Foundation, Wilmington, Massachusetts. responsibility for educating members on relevant aspects of animal care and Singleton, R. Jr. (1994). Careful consideration should be given to anticipated life span issues, adequacy of immune system function, reproductive abilities, altered anatomical and physiological functions, impaired sensory abilities, and development and severity of clinical disease. divided into two interrelated parts: first, the justification for creation Is it ethical to created "diseased" animals? Consequently, education together with thoughtful ethical decision-making In scientific articles related to the use of GE mice, this shared information should include descriptions of special care needs as well as the environmental parameters and husbandry practices. Others claim that life is not fixed in terms of God’s creation , as animals naturally evolve and become extinct naturally. New World of Animal Biotechnology, Special Supplement, Hastings Center Report. Mphil Leading to PhD. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Morbidity and mortality data are reviewed weekly. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Nagy A Gertsenstein M Vintersten K Behringer R. van der Meer M Rolls A Baumans V Olivier B van Zutphen LF. In addition to clinical conditions that may be predicted based on model design, the expression of unexpected phenotypes that may have an impact on animal welfare can present additional challenges to the scientist, laboratory animal veterinarian, technician, and members of both the institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC1) and the ethics committee (EC1). The types of welfare concerns may differ within the three stages that comprise the establishment of GE animal models: development, production, and research use. Thorough analysis and documentation of the animal welfare aspects of phenotype provide scientists, veterinarians, and technicians with the information they need to control the environment to minimize negative animal welfare impacts. Thorough analysis and documentation of the animal welfare aspects of phenotype provide the research team with the information they need to control the environment to minimize negative animal welfare effects. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. 15 docs. After the veterinary staff members review the clinical observation data, they should work with the investigative team to develop an action plan for further monitoring, should apply treatment or intervention as appropriate, and should refine the endpoints associated with the clinical disease development or debilitation associated with these animals. Courses View All. In these studies, approval typically occurs in a step-wise fashion, with small numbers of animals and more frequent feedback to the committee as the phenotype is characterized. Score sheets for the monitoring of transgenic mice. The link below explains these concerns as well as other discussions on transgenic animals, http://bioethics.agrocampus-ouest.eu/infoglueDeliverLive/digitalAssets/41395_Transgenic_animals_r.pdf. For example, if one expects that the genetic alteration will result in death or an extremely debilitating phenotype when expressed in all tissues, then one should consider the use of either spatial or temporal deletion strategies to avoid such phenotypes. has become widespread as genetic engineering technologies have permitted discussed by Moore and Mepham (1995). A well-defined process for reporting observations, including the use of standardized forms, as well as data review and the development of an action plan to address issues should be part of the model development process. Following initial development and phenotypic characterization, the next stage in the establishment of a GE animal model is the production phase. Unexpected observations are reported to the research team. Part of the program of providing adequate veterinary care includes frequent monitoring of all animals on a regular basis. Examples of special needs accommodations for imported genetically engineered animal lines, Cross-fostering for lines that develop mammary tumors or have poor lactation, Diets with a variety of supplements, (e.g., calcium, glucose, vitamins) based on the disease model characteristics, Absorbent bedding and increased frequency of cage changes for diabetic animals, Diet and/or water source provided on the bottom of the cage for animals that are small or debilitated or for neurological models with balance problems, Supplemental bedding for nesting material and shelters for animals with thermoregulatory issues or poor maternal characteristics, Treatments (e.g., insulin, leptin) based on disease model characteristics or antibiotics for immunosuppressed models that have opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Pneumocystis carinni), Use of electrocautery and clotting accelerators for animals with clotting disorders, Altered breeding schemes to minimize production of animals with adverse phenotypes, Removal of males from breeding cage before birth of pups to address cannibalism, Scheduled monitoring for expected clinical signs (e.g., loss of righting reflex with neurodegenerative models, blood or urine glucose levels with diabetic models, palpation for masses with tumor models), Early retirement of breeders before phenotype onset. and for dealing with unanticipated suffering. Moreover, these conditions could involve alterations in physiological or behavioral functions as well as other parameters. What would a human-dog hybrid look like? The ethical issues are similarly influenced by the animal welfare concerns raised in a particular study, and especially the cost:benefit analysis that focuses on the justification for animal use, the justification of species and numbers to be used, and the necessity of balancing relevance and research design with the cost to the animal. The role and impact of the members of the research team on these concerns may also vary with each stage. The use of GE mice offers many opportunities to continue to expand our knowledge of biological systems and disease. The use of standardized baseline testing enables the evaluation of the general health of each line, as well as the respective sensory abilities and basic anatomical, physiological, behavioral, and motor function. When experimental animals are needed, a special mating of heterozygous X heterozygous animals can be set up. It is a phrase often used but rarely precisely defined. can induce unpredictable and quite drastic changes at the level of the whole Biotechnology and Its Applications Important Questions for CBSE Class 12 Biology Transgenic Animals and Ethical Issues. Tissues expressing the gene of interest may be able to replace some in vivo studies. be carefully identified. and to establish endpoints for the termination of the experiment. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. This For the purpose of this discussion, we define animal welfare as follows: “Animal welfare is a human responsibility that encompasses all aspects of animal well being, including appropriate housing, clinical and behavioral management, nutrition, disease prevention and treatment, responsible care and use, humane handling, and, when necessary, euthanasia. animals on a regular basis. Chapter 9 - Desert Animals. As with other scientific advances, transgenic It’s really convenient and helpful. The environment, in this case, includes such variables as husbandry practices, diet, light cycle, and microbiological status. For example, during the Responsible care and use, in the context of laboratory animal welfare and the use of animals for scientific purposes, includes a commitment to avoid unnecessary pain, distress, and discomfort” (Kathryn Bayne, The American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners [ASLAP] Animal Welfare Committee, personal communication, 2005). from the CCAC Secretariat. Location of the mutation on the X or Y chromosome and infertility related to zygosity, sex, or the development of an adverse phenotype that interferes with the reproductive ability of the mutant animal will limit choices for breeding schemes (Murray and Parker 2005). There are many ethical issues and concerns about the use of transgenic animals. With respect to a well- established and well-characterized line of GM mice, greater knowledge of the phenotype will make it possible to answer these questions with greater certainty.

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